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Goh, Y. J. & Klaenhammer, T. R. Insights into glycogen metabolism in Lactobacillus acidophilus: impact on carbohydrate metabolism, stress tolerance and gut retention. Microbial cell factories 13, 94, doi: 10.1186/s12934-014-0094-3 (2014). There is minimal research on the effects of probiotics on pregnant women and recent mothers. So it’s best they avoid potential complications and pass on the B. Bifidum. The elderly Sadeghi-Bojd S, Naghshizadian R, Mazaheri M, Ghane Sharbaf F, Assadi F. Efficacy of probiotic prophylaxis after the first febrile urinary tract infection in children with normal urinary tracts. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020;9(3):305-310. View abstract. Ventura, M., Turroni, F., Motherway, M. O., MacSharry, J. & van Sinderen, D. Host-microbe interactions that facilitate gut colonization by commensal bifidobacteria. Trends in microbiology 20, 467–476, doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.07.002 (2012). Jones, S. A. et al. Glycogen and maltose utilization by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the mouse intestine. Infection and immunity 76, 2531–2540, doi: 10.1128/IAI.00096-08 (2008).

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Chiang BL, Sheih YH, Wang LH, et al. Enhancing immunity by dietary consumption of a probiotic lactic acid bacterium (Bifidobacterium lactis HN019): optimization and definition of cellular immune responses. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:849-55. View abstract. Ballongue J, Grill J Baratte-Euloge P. Action sur la flore intestinale de laits fermentés au Bifidobacterium. Lait 1993;73:249-256. Esaiassen E, Hjerde E, Cavanagh JP, Simonsen GS, Klingenberg C; Norwegian Study Group on Invasive Bifidobacterial Infections. Bifidobacterium bacteremia: Clinical characteristics and a genomic approach to assess pathogenicity. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(7):2234-2248. View abstract. Shahriari A, Karimi E, Shahriari M, Aslani N, Khooshideh M, Arab A. The effect of probiotic supplementation on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among high-risk pregnant women: A parallel double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;141:111915. View abstract. Samimi M, Dadkhah A, Haddad Kashani H, Tajabadi-Ebrahimi M, Seyed Hosseini E, Asemi Z. The effects of synbiotic supplementation on metabolic status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2019;11(4):1355-1361. View abstract.

Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH. Probiotics and prebiotics: can regulating the activities of intestinal bacteria benefit health? BMJ 1999;318:999-1003. View abstract. O’Callaghan L. et al (2004), ‘Cytokine responses in different lymphoid compartments in IL-10/ko mice fed Bifidobacterium infantis’, Gastroenterology.2004:126: Guglielmetti, S., Mora, D., Gschwender, M.,& Popp, K. (2011). Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium bifidumMIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves qualityof life - a double‐blind,placebo‐controlledstudy. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 33(10),1123-1132 CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. Blaabjerg S, Artzi DM, Aabenhus R. Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Outpatients-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel). 2017;6(4). View abstract.

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Yaeshima T, Takahashi S Matsumoto N Ishibashi N Hayasawa H Lino H. Effect of yogurt containing Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the intestinal environment, fecal characteristics and defecation frequency: A comparison with standard yogurt. Biosci Microflora 1997;16:73-77. Bastürk A, Artan R, Yilmaz A. Efficacy of synbiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic treatments for irritable bowel syndrome in children: A randomized controlled trial. Turk J Gastroenterol 2016;27(5):439-43. View abstract. Gianotti, L., Morelli, L., Galbiati, F., Rocchetti, S., Coppola, S., Beneduce, A., Gilardini, C., Zonenschain, D., Nespoli, A., and Braga, M. A randomized double-blind trial on perioperative administration of probiotics in colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol. 1-14-2010;16(2):167-175. View abstract.

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Quinlan, A. R. & Hall, I. M. BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Bioinformatics 26, 841–842, doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq033 (2010). Lukasik J, Dierikx T, Besseling-van der Vaart I, de Meij T, Szajewska H; Multispecies probiotic in AAD study group. Multispecies probiotic for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2022;176(9):860-866. View abstract. Eskesen D, Jespersen L, Michelsen B, Whorwell PJ, Müller-Lissner S, Morberg CM. Effect of the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12®, on defecation frequency in healthy subjects with low defecation frequency and abdominal discomfort: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled,parallel-group trial. Br J Nutr. 2015 Nov 28;114(10):1638-46. View abstract.

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Rastall RA. Bacteria in the gut: friends and foes and how to alter the balance. J Nutr 2004;134:2022S-2026S. View abstract. More high-quality clinical trials in humans are needed to prove B. bifidum’s role, but these results are promising. Optimizing immunity Barile, D. & Rastall, R. A. Human milk and related oligosaccharides as prebiotics. Current opinion in biotechnology 24, 214–219, doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.01.008 (2013). Hoy-Schulz YE et al (2016) Safety and acceptability of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis35624 in Bangladeshi infants: a phase I randomized clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med.16:44. Egan, M. et al. Cross-feeding by Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 during co-cultivation with Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010 in a mucin-based medium. BMC microbiology 14, 282, doi: 10.1186/s12866-014-0282-7 (2014).