Neha Saxena, a film actress who acts mainly Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu, Hindi language films Malaria is endemic in at least 87 countries, notably in a greater part of sub-Saharan Africa and large areas of Latin America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, currently inhabited by at least 40% of the world’s population, placing 2.5 billion people at risk ( Guerra et al., 2008; Hay and Snow, 2006).

Conard, J. M. & Gipson, P. S. Spatial and seasonal variation in wildlife-vehicle collisions. Prairie Nat. 38, 251–260 (2006).

Even though AVC probabilities on wide road segments were similar to probabilities on narrow roads, the exposure of an individual/animal group to AVC while traversing a 4-lane segment was found to be almost double than the exposure on 2-lane segment. This risk of exposure was highest for species with large group sizes. Greater exposure on 4-lane roads at moderate traffic levels could cause more roadkill than on 2-lane roads, while on 2-lane roads the same traffic levels could become a barrier to animal movement. When the aqueous extracts of A. boonei was administered at the different dosages 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg -1 to mice infected with P. berghei, it was observed that the net effect of this extracts was such that it appears to normalize hematological indices in the groups of mice infected and treated with the plant extract when compared with the data obtained for the experimental control groups of mice ( Table 3, 4). Table 1: Mitigation of roadkill and barrier effects of rapidly expanding road networks requires identification of road sections that may cause animal mortalities and barriers to animal movement, and species most likely to be involved in AVCs 8. Studies that take into account road, traffic and landscape characteristics along with species presence, activity and movement characteristics 8, 25, 32 have been able to predict mortality and barrier hotspots across road networks. However, the interaction among risk factors contributing to roadkill and barrier effects to inform mitigation strategies is largely missing from such models. Moreover, mitigation for rapidly expanding road networks should also be informed by road and traffic characteristics such as road types, and projections of traffic growth 33 and traffic composition or ‘heterogeneity’ that is the proportion of different vehicle types in a traffic flow 8. Langevelde, F. & Jaarsma, C. F. Using traffic flow theory to model traffic mortality in mammals. Landsc. Ecol. 19, 895–907 (2004). Plant extracts have been very useful sources of medication for various disease conditions ( Ataman et al., 2006; Gill et al., 2012). The use of medical plant extracts which are rich sources of natural inhibitors and pharmacologically active compounds can be very promising especially in the area of chemotherapeutic-based approaches against malaria ( Gatsing et al., 2010).

Bioaccumulation of these ubiquitous organic pollutants in plants and animals constitute a serious health threat. PAHs are a large category of varied organic compounds, each of them having a minimum of two fused aromatic rings containing mainly carbon and hydrogen atoms in its skeletal structure. PAH generally occur in complex mixtures, which may consist of hundreds of compounds. They are principally framed by deficient ignition or pyrolysis of organic material and during various industrial processes and food handling procedures [21], [22]. These groups of compounds have potentially hazardous effects on the environment and health, as the majority of them are carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic [23], [24]. Some studies have reported the mean daily intake of the total PAH fraction to be between 4ng/kg per day (low estimate) and 10ng/kg per day (high estimate) [25]. Champion, H. G. & Seth, S. K. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India (Manager of Publications Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1968). Bujoczek, M., Ciach, M. & Yosef, R. Road-kills affect avian population quality. Biol. Conserv. 144, 1036–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.022 (2011).Hirt, M. R., Jetz, W., Rall, B. C. & Brose, U. A general scaling law reveals why the largest animals are not the fastest. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1116–1122 (2017). Biswas, S. & Sankar, K. Prey abundance and food habit of tigers ( Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh India. J. Zool. 256, 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836902000456 (2002).