Roots tonics have long been staples in the Jamaican grassroots culture, with wild claims of the many ills the drink can cure, and significantly, about its ability to enhance sexual performance. Kift NB, Mead A, Reynolds K, Sime S, Barber MD, Denholm I, Tatchell GM (2004) The impact of insecticide resistance in the currant-lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri, on pest management in lettuce. Agric For Entomol 6:295–309 Fiedler AK, Landis DA, Wratten SD (2008) Maximizing ecosystem services from conservation biological control: the role of habitat management. Biol Control 45:254–271 Dewar AM (2007) Chemical control. In: van Emden HF, Harrington R (eds) Aphids as crop pests. CABI, Wallingford, pp 391–422

In addition to the presence of CHH DMRs in the promoters and bodies of tomato genes, CHH DMRs were also highly enriched in Class II TEs, i.e., DNA transposons with TIRs. In contrast, TEs were relatively unaffected by BABA treatment at mCG positions. In tomato, TIR TEs are preferentially localised in the chromosome arms along with protein-coding genes, supporting the conclusion that BABA priming is marked by hypomethylation in the chromosome arms. Activation of TEs resulting from demethylation is a well-known response to environmental stress, and where such TEs exist close to protein-coding genes, the impact of their demethylation can extend to an influence on the expression of those genes ( Negi et al., 2016; Horváth et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018). Several previous studies have identified priming and/or elevated transcriptional activity of stress responsive genes as a consequence of their proximity to demethylated TEs, and particularly DNA TEs ( Dowen et al., 2012; Wibowo et al., 2016; Geng et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2021). Based on the patterns of changes in methylation and gene expression identified in our experiments, we suggest that priming of stress responses by BABA likely arises from a combination of direct changes in methylation at loci encoding genes that either have direct defence functions or which play regulatory roles during stress, the influence of hypomethylation at loci containing TEs on adjacent defence genes, and in trans regulatory effects that operate over longer distances. Specificity of Priming Memory Ahuja I, Rohloff J, Bones AM (2010) Defence mechanisms of Brassicaceae: implications for plant-insect interactions and potential for integrated pest management. Agron Sustain Dev 30:311–348 Baba Roots is a herbal drink popular among young people in Jamaica. The drink was founded by entrepreneur William Webb. The manufacturer sponsors events featuring dancehall music, and several deejays have promoted the drink. It is popularly believed in Jamaica that herbal drinks like Baba Roots promote good health and stimulate sexual performance, although the effects of the ingredients have not been fully studied. The Baba Roots factory currently employs 20 persons from Darliston. In addition, it has opened its doors for future employees by bringing in students regularly to see first hand how the facility prepares plants such as medina, sarsaparilla, pimento, and ra-moon leaves and bark to make the Baba Roots tonic without using artificial chemicals.

Introduction

A wide variety of biotic stressors and chemical treatments, including BABA, can trigger priming of IR. Under the appropriate conditions, such priming effects can be long-lasting. Here, we show that root drenching tomato plants at the seedling stage with 0.5 mM BABA provides long-lasting priming of both SA- and JA-dependent resistance, effective against P. syringae and B. cinerea respectively. This treatment was chosen on the basis of previous dose-response experiments that indicated that inhibition of growth of 2- to 3-week-old plants becomes significant at concentrations of 1 mM and above ( Luna et al., 2016). Although BABA caused a temporary reduction in seedling growth, control and primed plants were morphologically similar at the time we measured defence responses and DNA methylation profiles. Transcriptome analysis following inoculation with B. cinerea was consistent with a typical pattern of priming for an enhanced future stress response. There was no sustained effect of BABA treatment on gene expression (expression profiles were similar in control and primed plants prior to inoculation), but root drenching of seedlings led to an earlier and stronger transcriptional response to subsequent infection ( Figures 3, 4). Functional classification of genes forming co-expressed clusters based on transcriptional responses to B. cinerea infection revealed many expected processes, such as stress-related hormone biosynthesis and signalling, secondary metabolism, cell wall metabolism and other general stress response categories. In addition, numerous GO terms related to amino acid and carboxylic acid metabolism were enriched. These observations are consistent with previous transcriptomic and metabolomic surveys of similar priming responses ( Bengtsson et al., 2014; Finiti et al., 2014; Camañes et al., 2015). Whilst we identified no major differences in gene expression between controls and BABA-primed plants before inoculation, WGBS of uninfected plants revealed substantial differences in DNA methylation between these two groups, and in particular, hypomethylation at CHH positions in the chromosome arms. Effects of Environmental Stress on DNA Methylation In men, the two most common causes of male infertility are low sperm count and low sperm mobility. Ginseng is a good herb to help with these two problems. In addition, ginseng is also known to help erectile dysfunction and improve stamina.

Cai QN, Ma XM, Zhao X, Cao YZ, Yang XQ (2009) Effects of host plant resistance on insect pests and its parasitoid: a case of study of wheat-aphid-parasitoid system. Biol Control 49:134–138 van Hulten M, Pelser M, van Loon LC, Pieterse CMJ, Ton J (2006) Costs and benefits of priming for defense in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:5602–5607 Suma P, Zappala L, Mazzeo G, Siscaro G (2009) Lethal and sub-lethal effects of insecticides on natural enemies of scale insects. BioControl 54:651–661David Dennisur, the chief executive officer of Baba Roots, said that the company's objective is to keep the tonic as unique as possible while promoting local farmers' productivity. The herb saw palmetto has been used over many years for boosting sexual health in men and it has also been used to treat impotence which is a major concern in fertility. The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/, GSE190782. Author Contributions Parker WE, Howard JJ, Foster SP, Denholm I (2006) The effect of insecticide application sequences on the control and insecticide resistance status of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididiae), on field crops of potato. Pest Manag Sci 62:307–315

We are trying to bring the product to a level where it can not only be profitable, but you can see the benefit that can be generated for the community, and it will give farmers the benefit of expanding their production," added Dennisur. His sentiments were echoed by Antoinette Stephens, who works as an office attendant in Montego Bay. "The BABA Roots nice, man. It taste good. It give yuh energy and stamina. We do need little roots sometimes inna wi body," says Stephens, who has also been drinking the roots for over a year. Ode PJ (2006) Plant chemistry and natural enemy fitness: Effects on herbivore and natural enemy interactions. Annu Rev Entomol 51:163–185Thaler JS, Stout MJ, Karban R, Duffey SS (1996) Exogenous jasmonates simulate wounding in tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum) in the laboratory and field. J Chem Ecol 22:1767–1781 Improve nerve function, helping with anxiety, insomnia, mental clarity, focus, brain fog, scattered mind, depression and other nervous conditions Michaud MR, Denlinger DL (2007) Shifts in the carbohydrate, polyol, and amino acid pools during rapid cold-hardening and diapause-associated cold-hardening in flesh flies ( Sarcophaga crassipalpis): a metabolomic comparison. J Comp Physiol B 177:753–763

The company, which is the brainchild of entrepreneur William Webb, has been investing heavily in community outreach programmes in Darliston. In addition, it has been a source of full-time employment for numerous residents. But Falmouth resident Barrington Sawyers, who has been drinking BABA Roots for over a year now, attests: "It is a real tonic. It strengthen yuh body. It give yuh energy, sexual energy. It give yuh more stamina like a 'Duracell' (battery) to go on and on."

Lou YG, Du MH, Turlings TCJ, Cheng JA, Shan WF (2005) Exogenous application of jasmonic acid induces volatile emissions in rice and enhances parasitism of Nilaparvata lugens eggs by the parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae. J Chem Ecol 31:1985–2002