Unfolding Stakeholder Thinking: Theory, Responsibility and Engagement

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for its development, [491] [492] and was later followed by other Android-based consoles, such as Nvidia's Shield Portable – an Android device in a video game controller form factor. Google later changed its Android specification documents to state that "Touchscreens will be supported", although "the Product was designed with the presence of discrete physical buttons as an assumption, therefore a touchscreen cannot completely replace physical buttons". On top of the Linux kernel, there are the middleware, libraries and APIs written in C, and application software running on an application framework which includes Java-compatible libraries. Within a year, the Open Handset Alliance faced two other open source competitors, the Symbian Foundation and the LiMo Foundation, the latter also developing a Linux-based mobile operating system like Google.

In the summer of 2019, Huawei announced it would create an alternative operating system to Android [71] known as Harmony OS, [72] and has filed for intellectual property rights across major global markets. Mike Chan, co-founder of phone maker Nextbit and former Android developer, said that "The best way to solve this problem is a massive re-architecture of the operating system", "or Google could invest in training manufacturers and carriers 'to be good Android citizens '". Other development tools are available, including a native development kit (NDK) for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers, and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks. These measures are likely intended to discourage forks and encourage commercial licensing in line with Google requirements, as the majority of the operating system's core functionality is dependent on proprietary components licensed exclusively by Google, and it would take significant development resources to develop an alternative suite of software and APIs to replicate or replace them.An opt-in system is used instead, in which users are prompted to grant or deny individual permissions to an app when they are needed for the first time.

This conclusion stemmed from the fact that no security updates were issued for the Android versions below 7.

Third-party application development is not supported in" the current version, and software running on the OS and processor for it, run the " DRM framework for protected content. Originally only doing so during installation, Verify Apps received an update in 2014 to "constantly" scan apps, and in 2017 the feature was made visible to users through a menu in Settings. Apps that do not use Google components would also be at a functional disadvantage, as they can only use APIs contained within the OS itself. In March 2018, it was reported that Google had begun to block "uncertified" Android devices from using Google Mobile Services software, and display a warning indicating that "the device manufacturer has preloaded Google apps and services without certification from Google".