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But it wasn’t all cloak-and-dagger excitement. The recruitment of controversial figures and the inherent secrecy led to moral and ethical questions. The improvement of our information on the subject of Cominform and potential enemy activities in so far as they concern our two countries. With the current international situation in mind, [the representative of American intelligence] proposes that the joint Gladio project, though reaffirming its preservation and the efficiency of the organisation reached to this point, reorient its activities towards a program that could bear fruit from peacetime and that may offer immediate results, and which could be inspired by the doctrine of ‘insurgency and counter-insurgency’.” Lamfalussy, Christophe (8 September 2006). "Un arrière-goût d'années de plomb". La Libre Belgique (in French). Archived from the original on May 18, 2020.
Belgian stay-behind network - Wikipedia
SIFAR needed to ensure that a pre-existing clandestine unit, ‘Alpine Star’, created in the Northern region of Friuli after the ‘O’ Organisation 12 The O’ Organisation (1946-1956) was a secret military group created by the ‘Osoppo’ partisans after WWII to protect north-eastern Italy from perceived future threats by the newly-created Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. was abolished, was integrated into the new stay-behind structure. The further ‘necessity’, mentioned multiple times, to nominate a head organiser for the northern regions can be said to have been tailored to Aldo Specogna, the head of Alpine Star and a member of ‘O’ before that. Defense minister Poncelet replied in the Belgian Senate that the plan was only an internal draft proposal, which was never approved by the military command or the defense minister himself. [26] Still don’t understand why we don’t use the MRAPs and Strykers as replacements. Multi wheel driv... a b Bull, Anna Cento (2012). Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0857454508.In 1957, the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Benelux countries, all of which ran SBOs in Western Europe, established the 'Six Powers Lines Committee' which became the Allied Clandestine Committee in 1958 and, after 1976, the Allied Coordination Committee (ACC). The ACC has been described as a technical committee to bring national SBOs together. It took its guidance from the CPC and organized multinational exercises. The authority of SACEUR when it came to clandestine operations was discussed in the early 1950s as one can gather from the document 'SHAPE Problems Outstanding with the Standing Group', which, under sub-heading 'IV. Special Plans' calls for the 'Delineation of Responsibilities of the Clandestine Services and of SACEUR on Clandestine Matters Including Pertinent Definitions and Organizations' and 'Principles for Unorthodox Warfare Planning'. While all this concerned the highest level of NATO command, coordination in time of crisis had to be arranged. Thus, to coordinate these activities at different command levels in wartime, SACEUR created the Allied Clandestine Coordinating Groups (ACCG) staffed with personnel from NATO nations at SHAPE and the subordinate commands. In case of war, SACEUR was meant to exercise operational control of national clandestine services' assets, according to each nation's existing policies, through the ACCG. By 1961 though, 'both SHAPE and CPC [now] accepted that such SB activity [guerrilla warfare and resistance under Soviet occupation] was a purely national responsibility'. [16] After World War II, the UK and the US decided to create "stay-behind" paramilitary organizations, with the official aim of countering a possible Soviet invasion through sabotage and guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. Arms caches were hidden, escape routes prepared, and loyal members recruited, whether in Italy or in other European countries. Its clandestine "cells" were to stay behind in enemy-controlled territory and to act as resistance movements, conducting sabotage, guerrilla warfare and assassinations. Researcher Francesco Cacciatore, in an article based on recently de-classified documents, writes that a "note from March 1972 specified that the possibility of using 'Gladio' in the event of internal subversions, not provided for by the organization's statute and not supported by NATO directives or plans, was outside the scope of the original stay-behind and, therefore, 'never to be considered among the purposes of the operation'. The pressure put forward by the Americans during the 1960s to use 'Gladio' for purposes other than those of a stay-behind network would appear to have failed in the long term." [24] The Italian endorsement of this document drafted by American services was communicated by the representative of SIFAR in a meeting on November 29 th, 1956, during which it was also agreed to establish the effective date of the document from the day before, the 28 th of November 1956. Ganser, Daniele (2005). NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe (PDF). New York: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-8500-7.
Interview 1843 - Daniele Ganser Exposes The Ruthless Empire
In the 2012 Archer episode "Lo Scandalo", the character Malory Archer mentions having been involved in Operation Gladio when younger. It is described by Lana Kane as "a weird crypto- fascist CIA shitshow, starring Allen Dulles and a bunch of former Nazis." The network was supported with elements from SDECE, and had military support from the 11th Choc regiment. The former director of DGSE, Admiral Pierre Lacoste, alleged in a 1992 interview with The Nation, that certain elements from the network were involved in terrorist activities against de Gaulle and his Algerian policy. A section of the 11th Choc regiment split over the 1962 Évian peace accords, and became part of the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), but it is unclear if this also involved members of the French stay-behind network. [41] [42] CARLISMO MONTEJURRA LIBERTAD Actos de Montejurra 2006". Montejurra-jurramendi.3a2.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2005. In Switzerland, a country known for its neutrality and stability, the revelation of the secret P-26 unit linked to Gladio caused a political scandal.Romanzo Criminale at IMDb. Drama, 2005. Concerning the " strategy of tension" and the Banda della Magliana. Directed by Michele Placido. Even the planning and preparation of clandestine networks in areas of the country most vulnerable to invasion falls within the duties of the State. But the protection of the clandestine nature necessitated by these networks does not mean that they should be clandestine to the very same institutions within which they operate. The creation of these networks must always occur formally, respecting the law and the Constitution. To keep them covert is an entirely different question.
Stay-behind’ forces during the Cold War Eyes on target: ‘Stay-behind’ forces during the Cold War
There have been profound shifts in international alliances, and the form of government of many countries has been recast. The Warsaw Pact has collapsed, Germany has reunified, there has been a marked transfer of state power to citizens, and technological advancements have resulted in an unprecedented convergence of customs and attitudes. Aziz (14 July 2008). "Savcı, Ergenekon'u Kenan Evren'e sormalı asıl!". Star Gazete (in Turkish) . Retrieved 21 October 2008. Türkiye'deki gizli ordunun adı kontr gerilladır. Les procès Andreotti en Italie" ("The Andreotti trials in Italy") by Philippe Foro, published by University of Toulouse II, Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate (Study group on immediate history). (in French)
The stated goal of the network was to protect Italian territory and citizens if they “came to know occupation and subversion”. A ‘long-armed’ mechanism with great reach was envisaged to encourage the liberation of territory and to “reestablish legal control and legitimate institutions.”
Operation Gladio - Wikipedia
It was only then, in June 1959, and in concert with American services that SIFAR (‘R’ Office – SAD section) released their first organic report on the progress made to that point. This was sent to the new Chief of the Defence Staff, General Aldo Rossi. Primarily, the report summarised the goals of the structure: Gladio was created in the eventuality that NATO declared an emergency “caused by internal subversion or military invasion.” How this secret took shape at the beginning of the 1950s and continued to the present was the subject of an initial report of the Parliamentary Committee. It has been said – with satisfaction, even – that the fact that this secret was kept for so long in a country like Italy was something close to miraculous. Operation Gladio’s idea was safeguarding democracy and the Western way of life. NATO, the CIA, MI6, and other intelligence agencies formed an uneasy alliance. They saw the creation of these “stay-behind” armies as a vital insurance policy. Following Andreotti's 1990 revelations, Adolfo Suárez, Spain's first democratically elected prime minister after Franco's death, denied ever having heard of Gladio. [70] President of the Spanish government in 1981–82, during the transition to democracy, Calvo Sotelo stated that Spain had not been informed of Gladio when it entered NATO. Asked about Gladio's relations to Francoist Spain, he said that such a network was not necessary under Franco, since "the regime itself was Gladio." [71] Who exactly were these secret soldiers? How were they chosen? And who held them accountable? These questions linger and add to the complex legacy of the stay-behind armies. A Silent VigilSuárez afirma que en su etapa de presidente nunca se habló de la red Gladio, El País, November 18, 1990 (in Spanish) This article is about military operation. For the sword of ancient Roman foot soldiers, see Gladius. Nevertheless, at the precise moment that the structure began to operate with some regularity, the American side began to feel the need to reconsider Gladio’s goals and direction. The turning point was made explicit during a meeting on January 26th, 1966. At the end of the meeting, the redacted minutes record the following:
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